abstract |
The article
presents data on the extirpation of the wolf in
southern Ukraine in the 18th to the 20th century,
which was financially supported by landowners and
the state. This contributed to keeping the wolf
population at a low level and then led to a reduction
in its range. In the 1970s, in the steppe and forest-steppe
zones, wolves permanently lived only in Moldova;
in the north of Odesa Oblast; in the Pavlohrad district
of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast; in Kharkiv and Donetsk
oblasts, as well as in the north of Poltava Oblast.
From here, they spread to neighbouring territories,
where they were quickly extirpated. The level of
wolf decline was so significant, that in 1970 only
18 wolves were recorded in the steppe zone, and
270 in the whole of Ukraine. This contributed to
the dispersal of the roe deer, wild boar, and elk
to the south. After the reduction in the size of
wolf hunting premiums, hunting pressure on wolves
also decreased. Since there is a significant positive
correlation between wolf population and hunting
pressure (r = 0.93), the wolf's range and population
began to grow rapidly. While in 1970 it was found
in 14 regions, in 1976 it was already recorded in
18, and in 1981 in 21; in 2000, the wolf occurred
in all regions of mainland Ukraine, and in 2003
it entered the Crimea. The process of restoring
the wolf's range was accompanied by the emergence
of wolf–dog hybrids, some of which are still occurring.
Despite the harvest of 616.8 ± 102.68 wolves per
year in 1970–1981, the wolf population increased
by 6.5 times in Ukraine, and by more than 10 times
in the steppe zone. A significant increase in its
numbers was facilitated by a decrease in hunting
pressure due to the adoption of the USSR Law ‘On
the Protection and Use of Wildlife’ in 1980, which
prohibited the use of inhumane methods in hunting
on wild animals. In 1982–1992, the volume of wolf
culling in Ukraine reached 71.1% (45.3–81.5), and
in 1993–1999 was equal to 43.1% (34.9–49.3) per
year. Naturally, due to the decrease in wolf hunting,
there was a sharp increase in the wolf population,
which in the steppe zone increased by 1.51 times
from 2000 to 2010, and in our country in general
by 1.03 times. The process of intensive growth of
its population stabilised only at the beginning
of the 21st century, when the annual take increased
from 34.9% (2000) to 84.0% (2009). |
references |
Barabash, I. I. 1928.
Sketch of the Fauna of the Steppe Dnipro Region
(former Ekaterinoslav Province). State Publishing
House of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 1–138. [In Ukrainian]
Berestennikov, D. S. 1977. Mammals of the Black
Sea Reserve. Vestnik Zoologii, No. 2: 12–17. [In
Russian]
Bibikov, D. I. 1974. Distribution, number and importance
of the wolf in the USSR. Conservation of Nature
and Rational use of Wild Animals (Moscow), 72: 115–119.
[In Russian]
Brauner, A. A. 1923. Agricultural Zoology. Gosizdat.
Odessa, 1–435. In Russian]
Brauner, A. A. 1935. The past of the fauna of southern
Ukraine. Nature and Socialist Economy, 7: 8–14.
[In Russian]
Danilkin, A. A. 2014. Roe Deer (Biological Basis
of Resource Management). KMK, Moscow, 1–316.
Different news. July, 1878. Nature and Hunting.
St. Petersburg, 425–434. [In Russian]
Different news. January, 1880. Nature and Hunting.
St. Petersburg, 167–172. [In Russian]
Domnich, V. I.; Smirnova, I. A. 2007. Relationship
between anthropogenic transformations of the environment
and wolf nutrition in the steppe biocenoses of Ukraine.
Theriofauna of Russia and Adjacent Territories:
Proceedings of the VIII Congress of the Theriological
Society. Moscow, 135. [In Russian]
Dulitsky, A. I. 2001. Biodiversity of the Crimea:
Mammals (History, State, Protection, Prospects).
Sonat, Simferopol, 1–208. [In Russian]
Dumenko, V. P. 2005. Wolf Canis lupus L. in the
Askania–Nova Biosphere Reserve and its region. Message
1. History of the spe-cies. News of Biosphere Reserve
Askania-Nova, 7: 102–111. [In Russian]
Galaka, B. O. 1969. Hybrid wolves in the Vinnytsia
region. Collection of Works of the Zoological Museum
(Kyiv), 33: 113–114. [In Ukrainian]
Gulyk, I. T., I. M. Sheigas, O. V. Strutynskyi.
2019. Instructions on Methods of Accounting for
the Number of Fame Animals. Ukrainian Research Institute
of Forestry. Kharkiv, 1–74. [In Ukrainian]
Gursky, I. G. 1975. Hybridization of a wolf with
a dog in nature. Bulletin MOIP. Dep. biol., 80 (1):
131–135. [In Russian]
Gursky, I. G. 1978. Wolf in the North–Western Black
Sea region (site, habitats, population structure,
reproduction. Bulletin MOIP. Dep. biol., 83 (3):
29–38. [In Russian]
Gursky, I. G. 1985. The number and features of lifestyle
by region. Ukraine and Moldova. Wolf. Origin, systematics,
morphology, ecology. Nauka, Moscow: 452-467. [In
Russian]
Gursky, I. G. 1989. New data on the number of wolves
and its regulation in Ukraine. Ecology, behaviour
and management of wolf populations: Collection of
scientific papers. Moscow, 55–57. [In Russian]
Gursky, I. G., L. F. Nazarenko. 1966. Features of
the distribution and ecology of predatory animals
of the canine family in the North–Western Black
Sea region and their impact on the number of valuable
animals. Protection and Rational Use of Wild Wildlife:
Proceedings of the All–Union Scientific Conference.
Alma-Ata, 106–108. [In Russian]
Isaev, A. P. 1986. Common gray wolf. Hunter and
Fisherman of Ukraine. Kyiv, 138–142. [In Russian]
Izdebsky, V. M. 1979. Wolves in the Northern Black
Sea Region. Proceedings of the All-Union Conference
on the Ecological Fundamentals of the Protection
and Rational Use of Predatory Mammals. Moscow, 107.
[In Russian]
Kazakov, В., R. Dalikov. 1983. Wild boar in the
Rostov region. Hunting and hunting economics, 11:
22–23. [In Russian]
Kirikov, S. V. 1983. Man and nature of the steppe
zone. Nauka, Moscow, 1–127. [In Russian]
Korneev, O. P. 1950. The wolf and its destruction.
State Agricultural Publishing House of the Ukrainian
SSR, Kyiv, 1–104. [In Ukrainian]
Krasilnikov, M. 1926. The death of livestock from
predatory animals. Bulletin of the Central Statistical
Bureau of the USSR, Moscow. No. 116. [In Russian]
Kuijpera, D. P. J., M. Churskia, A. Trouwborstb,
M. Heurichc, C. Smitd, [et al.]. 2019. Keep the
wolf from the door: How to conserve wolves in Europe's
human dominated landscapes? Biological Conservation,
235: 102–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.04.004
Litvinov, V. P.; Litvinov, V. F.; Tikhansky, A.
D. 1981. Wolf nutrition in the Berezinsky and Pripyatsky
reserves. Reserves of Bela-rus. Volume 5. Urajay,
Minsk, 99–102. [In Russian]
Mech, D. 1975. Disproportionate sex rations of wolf
pups. J. Wildlife Management, 39 (4): 737–740. https://doi.org/10.2307/3800235
Mylchenko, F. 1928. Gray guests in Crimea. Hunter
(Moscow), No. 2: 15. [In Russian]
Nelson, M. E., L. D. Mech. 1981. Deer Social Organization
and Wolf Predation in Northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife
Monographs, 77: 3–53.
Overview... 1850. Overview of the Activities of
the Department of Agriculture During 5 Years: from
1844 to 1849. St. Petersburg, 1–328. [In Russian]
Pereira, M. J. R. 1985. Effects of human and wolf
(Canis lupus) presence on a roe deer (Capreolus
capreolus) population in North-eastern Portugal
(Serra da Noqueira). Trans 17th Congress of the
International Union of Game Biologists, Brussels,
671–678.
Priklonsky, S., V. Osmolovskaya. 1975. Once again
about the attitude towards the wolf. Hunting and
Hunting Economics, 11: 14–16. [In Russian]
Ryabov, L. 1978. New data on wolves and their hybrids
with dogs in the Voronezh region. Bulletin MOIP.
Dep. biol., 83 (3): 39–45. [In Russian]
Salgansky, A. A., I. S. Sles, V. D. Treus, G. A.
Uspensky. 1963. Askania–Nova Zoo. Experience of
acclimatization of wild ungulates and ostriches.
Agricultural Publishing House of the Ukrainian SSR.
Kyiv, 1–308. [In Russian]
Schmidt, E. 1927. Wolves in the Melitopol district.
Ukrainian Hunter and Fisherman, No. 1: 46.
Selyunina, Z. V. 2001. Information about wolves
in the region of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve.
Large Carnivorous Mammals of Ukraine and Neighboring
Countries: Novitates Theriologicae, 4: 40–42. [In
Russian]
Sokur, I. T. 1960. Mammals of the fauna of Ukraine
and their economic importance. Soviet school. Kyiv,
1–211. [In Ukrainian]
The Wolf in Europa. https://bit.ly/42gEKK3
Tokarskyi, V.; Avdeev, A. 2001. Wolf and man in
the territory of the Kharkiv region. Large Carnivorous
Mammals of Ukraine and neighboring countries: Novitates
Theriologicae, 4: 35–36. [In Russian]
Falz-Fein, V. 1997. Askania-Nova. Agrarian science,
Kyiv, 1–350. [In Russian]
Filonov, K. P. 1989. Ungulates and Large Predators
in Protected Areas. Nauka, Moscow, 1–256. [In Russian]
Formozov, A. N. 1962. Changes in the natural conditions
of the steppe south of the European part of the
USSR over the past hun-dred years and some features
of the modern steppe fauna. Study of the geography
of natural resources of the animal and plant world.
Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR. Moscow, 114–161. [In Russian]
Vadkovsky, V. V. 1978. Analysis of the state of
the wolf in Belarus and the regulation of its numbers.
Ways and Methods of Ra-tional Exploitation and Increasing
the Productivity of Hunting Grounds: Abstracts of
the All–Union Scientific Conference. Moscow, 40–41.
[In Russian]
Volokh, A. 2011. Expansion and reproduction of wolf
(Canis lupus L.) populations in the steppe zone
of Ukraine. Beiträge zur Jagd & Wild forschung.,
36: 105–115.
Volokh, A. 2016. Mammals Hunted in Steppe Ukraine.
FLP Grin D.S. Book. 2. Kherson, 1–572. [In Russian]
Volyansky, B. 2008. Materials for the study of the
fauna of terrestrial vertebrates in Odessa region
(notes during excursions in the city of Balta and
the Baltic region). News of the Museum Fund. A.
A. Brauner, 5 (1): 16–20. [In Russian]
Walton, L. R, H. D. Cluff, P. C. Paquet, M. A. Ramsay.
2001. Movement Patterns of Barren-Ground Wolves
in the Central Canadi-an Arctic Journal of Mammalogy,
82 (3): 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/82.3.867
Yuritsyn, P. 1885. Black wolf. Nature and hunting.
Imperial Society for the Breeding of Game and Game
Animals and Proper Hunting. Moscow, 13–17. [In Russian]
Zlatanova, D., A. Ahmed, А. Valasseva, P. Genov.
2014. Adaptive diet strategy of the wolf (Canis
lupus L.) in Europe: a review. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica,
66 (4): 439–452.
|
